食物碗与听诊器图标

治疗性营养

关于具有营养敏感健康状况的猫犬的需求的实用信息。

异常身体状况

猫犬恶液质 

恶液质是慢性疾病导致的瘦体重 (LBM) 流失和体重下降,例如充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)、癌症、呼吸系统或肾脏疾病。及时辨别并解决这种病症非常重要,因为它与免疫功能减弱、发病率增加和寿命缩短有关。1-3  

与疾病相关的瘦体重流失和体重下降是由疾病慢性炎症引起的复杂代谢变化和全身效应所致。4 虽然营养无法“治愈”恶液质,但可以帮助解决其中一些代谢变化,并满足与基础疾病有关的特定需要。1

体重不足的猫犬红色通用图标

重要信息


  • 包括体重、身体状况肌肉状况评分在内的常规营养评估是及早发现瘦体重流失的关键。1  
    • 如果仅跟踪体重,可能察觉不到瘦体重流失,因为瘦体重流失可能会被体脂或体液增加所掩盖。5  
       
  • 蛋白质和卡路里摄入减少通常与恶液质同时发生,并且会造成恶液质进一步恶化。
    • 34%–84% 的心脏病患犬和患猫存在厌食症,可能继发于疲乏、呼吸困难、药物治疗、食物偏好改变和/或恶液质中由神经控制的食欲改变。6-9 
    • 策略包括在不同地点更频繁地喂食,并使用增味剂(心力衰竭的患宠应避免高钠摄入,肾病患宠应避免高磷摄入)。1  
    • 与经专科认证的兽医营养师一起审查自制饮食,以确保饮食营养均衡且全面,并为患宠个体提供充足的卡路里和蛋白质。1 
      • 相关指南建议健康成年犬的蛋白质摄入量约为 2.55 克/公斤体重,健康成年猫则约为 5 克/公斤体重,同时还要确保摄入充足的卡路里。10 
      • 增加蛋白质摄入可能有益,并且仅应在医疗上必需的情况下限制蛋白质摄入。
    • 审查所有膳食补充剂,因为它们可能与其他药物产生不良相互作用,从而无意中导致厌食症。1  
       
  • 鱼油补充剂富含长链 Omega-3 脂肪酸 EPA 和 DHA,可减少炎性细胞因子的产生并改善食物摄入。11 
    • 亚麻籽油或其他植物来源的 Omega-3 脂肪酸无法为犬类和猫补充 EPA 和 DHA。12 
       
  • 在 CHF 恶液质患猫和患犬(以及人类患者)中存在“肥胖悖论”,而肾病性恶液质患犬同样存在这一悖论:体重越高,生存时间越长。
    • 这强调了避免意外体重下降和肌肉流失的重要性。13-16 

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评估您爱猫的身体状况

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评估您爱犬的身体状况

只需 3 个简单的步骤即可评估您的爱犬的身体状况。

观看视频 1 分钟至 5 分钟

参考文献

  1. Freeman, L. M. (2012).Cachexia and sarcopenia: Emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 3–17. 
  2. Ineson, D. L., Freeman, L. M., & Rush, J. E. (2019). Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(5), 1902–1908. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15566 
  3. Santiago, S. L., Freeman, L. M., & Rush, J. E. (2020). Cardiac cachexia in cats with congestive heart failure: Prevalence and clinical, laboratory, and survival findings. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(1), 35–44. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15672 
  4. Berardi, E., Madaro, L., Lozanoska-Ochser, B., Adamo, S., Thorrez, L., Bouche, M., & Coletti, D. (2021). A pound of flesh: What cachexia is and what it is not. Diagnostics, 11(1), 116. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11010116 
  5. Hutchinson, D., Freeman, L. M., Schreiner, K. E., & Terkla, D. G. (2011). Survey of opinions about nutritional requirements of senior dogs and analysis of nutrient profiles of commercially available diets for senior dogs. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 9(1), 68–79.  
  6. Freeman, L. M., Rush, J. E., Cahalane, A. K., Kaplan, P. M., & Markwell, P. J. (2003). Evaluation of dietary patterns in dogs with cardiac disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223(9), 1301–1305. doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1301 
  7. Laviano, A., Inui, A., Marks, D. L., Meguid, M. M., Pichard, C., Rossi Fanelli, F., & Seelaender, M. (2008). Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295(5), E1000–E1008. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90252.2008 
  8. Mallery, K. F., Freeman, L. M., Harpster, N. K., & Rush, J. E. (1999). Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214(8), 1201–1204. 
  9. Torin, D. S., Freeman, L. M., & Rush, J. E. (2007). Dietary patterns of cats with cardiac disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(6), 862–867. doi: 10.2460/javma.230.6.862 
  10. Churchill, J. A., & Eirmann, L. (2021). Senior pet nutrition and management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 51(3), 635–651. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.004 
  11. Freeman, L. M., Rush, J. E., Kehayias, J. J., Ross, J. N., Jr, Meydani, S. N., Brown, D. J., Dolnikowski, G. G., Marmor, B. N., White, M. E., Dinarello, C. A., & Roubenoff, R. (1998). Nutritional alterations and the effect of fish oil supplementation in dogs with heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 12(6), 440–448. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02148.x 
  12. Bauer, E. (2007). Responses of dogs to dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231(11), 1657–1661. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.11.1657 
  13. Finn, E., Freeman, L. M., Rush, J. E., & Lee, Y. (2010). The relationship between body weight, body condition, and survival in cats with heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(6), 1369–1374. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0584.x 
  14. Oreopoulos, A., Padwal, R., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Fonarow, G. C., Norris, C. M., & McAlister, F. A. (2008). Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: A meta-analysis. American Heart Journal, 156(1), 13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.014 
  15. Parker, V. J., & Freeman, L. M. (2011). Association between body condition and survival in dogs with acquired chronic kidney disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(6), 1306–1311. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00805.x  
  16. Slupe, J. L., Freeman, L. M., & Rush, J. E. (2008). Association of body weight and body condition with survival in dogs with heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22(3), 561–565. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0071.x