微生物组基础知识

含细菌的肠绒毛

遗传学在微生物组的组成中起着重要作用。1尽管断奶后进行地理分隔，但有亲缘关系的犬的肠道微生物组的相似度高于无亲缘关系的犬。2 

肠道的微生物定植首先受到母体微生物组、环境和营养的影响。

与出生时的组成相比，7 周龄幼犬的微生物组与母犬的微生物组更为相似。2幼犬的肠道微生物组的微生物多样性和种类丰富度在出生后 2 至 56 天间增加，但在出生后 42 天前相对稳定。3相比之下，幼猫的微生物组多样性在 4 周龄到 8 周龄间可能下降。4

一项宏基因组研究表明，幼猫的微生物组在 8 至 16 周龄间几乎没有变化，5另一项研究发现，结构和功能多样性在 18 至 30 周龄间发生变化，但在 30 至 42 周龄间无显著变化。6

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随着年龄、疾病、医疗和其他应激源的增加，肠道中细菌的平衡会向较大的潜在致病菌种群转移。3、7、8

宠物的生活环境也会对肠道微生物组产生巨大影响。家养犬的微生物组与收容所收留犬的微生物组不同，收容所收留犬的微生物组群更具多样性。1较大城市留居犬的微生物组比在较小城市或农村地区留居犬的微生物组更具多样性。2

许多疾病状态与肠道微生物组菌群失调有关，但尚未明确确定菌群失调是病因还是疾病状态所导致的后果。1

发现患有慢性肠病、慢性腹泻和急性腹泻的犬均存在菌群失调。9、10

药物可能会影响微生物组。

特别是抗菌药物（例如，甲硝唑和泰洛林）可显著改变微生物组。1、11、12质子泵抑制剂（如，奥美拉唑）也对微生物组产生负面影响。1、13

肥胖与微生物组的变化有关，但尚不清楚微生物组的作用（是肥胖原因还是后果）。14、15

肥胖犬的微生物组对饮食的反应不同，其反应不如瘦犬的微生物组具有适应能力。15、16

肠道微生物群的组成主要受饮食影响。

微生物组可能受到成分特性、营养浓度和消化以及饮食制作程序的影响。17-24大量营养素成分似乎是推动微生物组组成发生变化的最重要饮食因素。17、24-29高蛋白饮食可增加蛋白水解微生物的丰度，而高碳水化合物饮食可增加糖溶性微生物的丰度。23

肠道微生物组在饮食改变后迅速变化，17、30、31这表明其组成具有很大的灵活性。然而，这些变化是可逆的，当犬恢复其原来饮食时，微生物组将恢复其原始组成。30、31

探索Microbiome Forum的其他部分

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以微生物组为中心的宠物健康状况干预

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Nestlé 和 Purina 在微生物组领域的领先地位

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