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微生物组基础知识
“肠脑轴”一词是指胃肠道和大脑之间持续的双向沟通交流。
肠道影响大脑，进而影响行为的观点已被广泛理解和接受。此概念早已融入日常用语，我们会使用“直觉（gut feeling；gut = 肠）”、“勇敢（gutsy；gut = 肠）”和“忐忑不安（butterflies in the stomach；stomach = 胃）”等词语。尽管如此，科学家们直到最近才开始解开肠脑轴背后的机制。 这种沟通联系是一个新兴研究领域 – 神经胃肠病学的核心。
越来越多的证据表明，肠道微生物有助于形成正常的神经发育、大脑生物化学和行为。1特别是肠道微生物群正在成为肠道和大脑之间沟通的关键节点。这导致了一个新术语的诞生：微生物群肠脑轴。
通过营养干预改变肠道微生物群有可能促进肠道和大脑之间的交流，甚至可能改变行为和情绪。
研究表明，肠道细菌与肥胖、阿尔茨海默病和宠物焦虑等疾病有许多联系。2-4后者很重要，因为多达 70% 的犬行为障碍可归因于某种形式的焦虑。5
兽医全科医生在鉴别和治疗患病宠物行为问题（如焦虑）方面的作用至关重要。6
宠物主人可能不会识别出所有的恐惧和焦虑体征，或者可能只在问题升级到危象状态时才前往就医。7
焦虑的后果
Purina 的研究
已证明，一种细菌菌株 - 长双歧杆菌 (B. longum BL999) 有助于帮助犬保持平静的行为。
在一项盲法交叉研究中，Purina 的科学家发现，与喂食安慰剂的犬相比，喂食特定菌群 - 长双歧杆菌 (BL999) 的犬的焦虑行为显著减少。喂食 BL999 的大多数犬的心率和唾液皮质醇水平也较低。从行为和生理角度来看，B. longum BL999 对焦虑患犬均有减轻焦虑的作用。
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