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THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION

Useful information about the needs of cats and dogs with nutritionally sensitive health conditions.

Pancreatic Disorders

Hyperlipidemia In Dogs

Canine hyperlipidemia has emerged as an important clinical condition associated with a broad range of health conditions. Hyperlipidemia is an increased concentration of triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia), cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), or both in the blood. It can be physiological (e.g., postprandial) or pathological (i.e., persistent fasting hyperlipidemia), which can be further classified into primary or secondary hyperlipidemia.

Secondary hyperlipidemia is the most common pathologic form in dogs,1,2 and often results from an endocrine condition, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, or hyperadrenocorticism.2 Dogs with secondary hyperlipidemia typically exhibit clinical signs associated with the primary disorder. Other causes of secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs have been reported or suspected, including obesity, pancreatitis, very high-fat (> 50%) diets, cholestatic liver disease, protein-losing nephropathy, drug administration (i.e., glucocorticoids or phenobarbital), and others.2─4

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Primary hyperlipidemia in dogs is more common in certain breeds, including miniature schnauzers, Shetland sheepdogs, and beagles, but it can occur in any dog. Dogs with primary hyperlipidemia may be asymptomatic for long periods, depending on the type and severity of hyperlipidemia. In some cases, however, secondary diseases can develop. Potential consequences of persistent hyperlipidemia may include pancreatitis, atherosclerosis (if plasma cholesterol > 750 mg/dl [19.4 mmol/L]), ocular disorders, and seizures.2,3

Dietary modification plays a key role in the successful management of dogs with hyperlipidemia. The goal of nutritional intervention is to reduce blood lipid levels to lower the risk of complications while providing a nutritionally complete and balanced diet that meets a dog’s nutrient requirements.

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Lipemia—grossly visible, cloudy or milky-appearing serum or plasma—results from moderate and severe hypertriglyceridemia, but not hypercholesterolemia or mild hypertriglyceridemia.2

Key Messages

  • The first step in managing a dog with hyperlipidemia is determining whether the abnormal lipid levels are the result of a recent meal or a primary or secondary disorder.1,5 Postprandial hyperlipidemia is transient and usually resolves 7 to 12 hours after a meal, depending on the fat content of the diet.1,3 Laboratory testing of blood lipid concentrations are ideally performed after the dog has been fasted for 12 hours. 

  • Secondary hyperlipidemia typically resolves after successful treatment of the underlying disorder (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, or hyperadrenocorticism).1 However, concurrent diet modification may be an effective adjunct therapy, especially for hypertriglyceridemia. A nutritionally balanced low-fat diet is recommended.1,3,6 

  • A low-fat diet (< 4 g/100 kcal ME) may be the only therapy needed to reduce serum triglyceride concentrations for some dogs with primary hyperlipidemia. For dogs that do not respond to a low-fat diet, an ultra-low-fat diet may be tried (1─1.2 g/100 kcal ME) or medical treatment may be started. These dogs will likely need a low- or ultra-low-fat diet for life to help normalize blood lipids. 

  • The recommended treatment goal is to keep fasting serum triglyceride concentration below 500 mg/dl (< 5.5 mmol/L).1,2 Although hypercholesterolemia management may be less clinically important than hypertriglyceridemia, treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia—at least with dietary management—should be considered to decrease risk of secondary diseases.2  

  • Increased soluble dietary fiber may decrease serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride concentrations when added to a low-fat diet.7─11  

  • Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil has been shown to reduce triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in dogs with primary hyperlipidemia12 and in healthy dogs.13 The findings suggest an omega-3 fatty acid supplement or fish oil could be tried as an adjunct to a low-fat diet.2 

    • Dosages of omega-3 fatty acids used in studies varied. Decreased hyperlipidemia has been achieved with doses of approximately 730 mg of omega-3 fatty acids once daily,12 200 to 300 mg/kg BW every 24 hours,2 or 120 x BWkg0.75 daily.14 

  • Only low-fat treats should be offered; otherwise, treats and table scraps should be avoided altogether. 

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“Your dog’s serum triglycerides [and/or serum cholesterol] are much higher than the normal range for dogs. These results may be due to an underlying health condition, such as an imbalance in hormones related to metabolism. It is also possible that we may not be able to determine a cause for the increased blood lipids. I recommend we do some additional diagnostics and start [dog’s name] on a low-fat diet to help reduce the triglycerides.”

Related Tools and Content:

Taking a Good Diet History

The only way to know what each patient really eats is to ask ꟷ and document the information in the medical record.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

Nutritional Assessment Is an Iterative Process: Screening Evaluation

Assessing a patient’s nutritional status is a recurring process that entails more than taking a diet history.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

Nutritional Assessment Is an Iterative Process: Extended Evaluation

An extended nutritional evaluation is important for pets at risk for nutrition-related problems.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

Obesity in Dogs and Cats

Obesity has many adverse impacts on pet health. Dietary therapy is a cornerstone of weight management in dogs and cats.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Nutrition plays an important role in the management of diabetic dogs.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

Nutritional support is an important part of a multimodal management plan for dogs with acute pancreatitis.

View Brief 1 min to 5 min

To Share With Pet Owner:

Screening Diet History Form

This short, screening diet history form is a practical, easy-to-use document that can help clients provide important information about their pets’ diets.

View Tool 1 min to 5 min

References

  1. Xenoulis, P. G., & Steiner, J. M. (2010). Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. Veterinary Journal, 183(1), 12─21. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.10.011 

  2. Xenoulis, P. G., & Steiner, J. M. (2015). Canine hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 56(10), 595─605. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12396 

  3. Johnson, M. C. (2005). Hyperlipidemia disorders in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 27, 361─364. 

  4. Xenoulis, P. G., Levinski, M. D., Suchodolski, J. S., & Steiner, J. M. (2011). Serum triglyceride concentrations in miniature schnauzers with and without a history of probable pancreatitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(1), 20─25. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0644.x 

  5. Xenoulis, P. G., Cammarata, P. J., Walzem, R. L., Suchodolski, J. S., & Steiner, J. M. (2020). Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy control dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(2), 644─652. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15715 

  6. Ford, R. B., & Ludlow, C. L. (2010). Disorders of lipid metabolism. In M. S. Hand, C. D. Thatcher, R. L. Remillard, P. Roudebush, & B. J. Novotny (Eds.), Small animal clinical nutrition (5th ed., pp. 545─557). Mark Morris Institute. 

  7. Diez, M., Hornick, J. L., Baldwin, P., & Istasse, L. (1997). Influence of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber on nutrient digestibility and plasma metabolite concentrations in healthy beagles. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 58(11), 1238─1242. 

  8. Diez, M., Hornick, J. L., Baldwin, P., Van Eenaeme, C., & Istasse, L. (1998). The influence of sugar-beet fibre, guar gum and inulin on nutrient digestibility, water consumption and plasma metabolites in healthy Beagle dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, 64(2), 91─96. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90001-7 

  9. Hoenig, M., Laflamme, D., Klaser, D. A., Singer, M. J., & Ferguson, D. C. (2001). Glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in dogs fed different fiber diets. Veterinary Therapeutics, 2(2), 160─169. 

  10. Lee, A. H., Lin, C.-Y., Do, S., Oba, P. M., Belchik, S. E., Steelman, A. J., Schauwecker, A., & Swanson, K. S. (2022). Dietary supplementation with fiber, ‘biotics’, and spray dried plasma affects apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and the fecal characteristics, fecal microbiota, and immune function of adult dogs. Journal of Animal Science. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/jas/skac048 

  11. Phungviwatnikul, T., Valentine, H., de Godoy, M. R. C., & Swanson, K. S. (2020). Effects of diet on body weight, body composition, metabolic status, and physical activity levels of adult female dogs after spay surgery. Journal of Animal Science, 98(3), 1─13. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa057 

  12. de Albuquerque, P., De Marco, V., Vendramini, T. H. A., Amaral, A. R., Catanozi, S., Santana, K. G., Nunes, V. S., Nakandakare, E. R., & Brunetto, M. A. (2021). Supplementation of omega-3 and dietary factors can influence the cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia in hyperlipidemic Schnauzer dogs: A preliminary report. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0258058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258058 

  13. LeBlanc, C. J., Bauer, J. E., Hosgood, G., & Mauldin, G. E. (2005). Effect of dietary fish oil and vitamin E supplementation on hematologic and serum biochemical analytes and oxidative status in young dogs. Veterinary Therapeutics, 6(4), 325─340. 

  14. Bauer, J. E. (2011). Therapeutic use of fish oils in companion animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 239(11), 1441─1451. doi: 10.2460/javma.239.11.1441